Description: This proposal addresses the development of advanced low-temperature secondary batteries capable of operating below -80°C with high specific energy density, targeting subtopic S13.06. Despite recent progress in extending the operational temperatures of Li metal battery systems to very low ranges, the mechanisms behind their poor cold-weather performance remain poorly understood. This project aims to fill this gap by developing secondary battery technologies that can reliably function in the extreme cold conditions of the lunar surface, essential for supporting long-term lunar missions. The proposed approach involves the development of a new Li-metal battery with a novel anti-freezing electrolyte and capable of high voltage operation (~4.8 V), an engineered cathode, and Li foil anode materials. The electrolyte strategy focuses on dissolving fluorinated carbonate electrolytes in stable, non-polar solvents to reduce solvent-Li-ion affinity. Preliminary results show promising characteristics across a broad temperature range from -80 to +50°C, including high ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability. Proposed deliverables include synthesized electrolytes with tailored properties, comprehensive material characterization reports, fabricated prototype batteries, and electrochemical measurement data under simulated lunar conditions.

Benefits: This proposal outlines the development of Advanced Low-Temperature Secondary Batteries tailored for lunar exploration, meeting NASA's objectives under subtopic S13.06. Engineered to endure temperatures below -80°C, these batteries promise high voltage, energy density and reliability, critical for sustaining extended missions on the moon and advancing space exploration capabilities. Our proposal aims to develop high-quality low-temperature Li-metal batteries, opening markets in EVs, military, subsea, marine, and aerospace applications. These batteries promise reliable performance in harsh conditions, revolutionizing industries and pushing technological boundaries.